Phonotactics, Lexicon,
Semantics And
Morphology
Wisegeek.com : Phonotactics is the particular combination of letter sounds that are
allowable within a given language. Each language, or even each dialect of a
language, has its own set of rules that speakers stay within. Phonotactics is a
branch of phonology, the study of
the sound structures of languages, but also has applications in phonetics, the actual
production of sound, in synthesized speech and language identification.
A language's phonotactics is comprised of the
sounds and placement of sounds that will be found in its words. English and Swahili, for instance, are
governed by very different sound rules. In English, a word can end with the
sound "ng," as in "sing," but it cannot begin with that
sound. Swahili and other Bantu languages, however, can begin words with
"ng." Swahili also frequently uses the letter combination
"mz," such as in mzee,
which means "old man." This combination of sounds is very rarely
found in English and never at the beginnings of words.
Sil.org : A lexicon is list of
words, or dictionary, and the term lexical learning means
“learning words and their idiosyncratic properties
A lexicon is the knowledge that a native speaker has
about a language. This includes information about:
- the form and meanings of words and phrases
- lexical categorization
- the appropriate usage of words and phrases
- relationships between words and phrases, and
- categories of words and phrases.
Phonological and grammatical rules are not considered
part of the lexicon.
Wiśniewski (2007) : Semantics is a branch of linguistics dealing with the meaning
of words, phrases and sentences, however, contrary to pragmatics it does not
analyze the intended speaker meaning, or what words denote on a given occasion,
but the objective, conventional meaning. Additionally, it is concerned with the
conceptual meaning and not the associative meaning. The conceptual meaning is what a word in fact denotes, as for
example Friday the 13 th is a day between Thursday the 12 th and Saturday the
14 th, and that is the conceptual meaning of the phrase Friday the 13 th. Yet,
for many people the idea of that day brings to mind thoughts of bad luck and
misfortune, which is the associative meaning.
Parker (1946) : Morphology is
the study of the
architecture of word
or word formation. Morphology is the study of how morpheme
are combined together to form words. Morphemes are words, word stems, and affixes, basically the
unit of language one up from phonemes. Although they are often understood as
units of meaning, they are usually considered a part of a language's syntax or
grammar. It is specifically grammatical morphemes that this chapter will
focus on.
Differentiate between the stem of the word, which carries
the basic meaning, and various affixes or attachments that carry
additional, often grammatical, meanings. There are several kinds of
affixes:
Suffixes are attached to the end of the stem;
Prefixes are attached to the front of the stem;
Infixes are put in the middle of the word;
Ablaut is a change in a vowel that carries extra meaning;
Reduplication is a matter of doubling a syllable to do the
same.
And there are also several kinds of morpheme. They are bound and
free morphemes, lexical and grammatical morphemes, and derivational and
inflectional morphemes.
REFFERENCES
Wisegeek.com. What is Phonotactics. Available on : http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-phonotactics.htm. Accessed on: 8th February 2012.
Sil.org. What is Lexicon.
Available on : http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsALexicon.htm. Accessed on: 8th February 2012.
Wiśniewski, Kamil . 2007. Info linguistics Semantic . Available on : http://www.tlumaczenia-angielski.info/linguistics/semantics.htm. Accessed on: 8th February 2012.
Parker, Frank. 1946. Linguistics for
Non-Linguistics. Taylor and Francis Ltd., 4 John Street. London.
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